Employers’ Liability and Vicarious Liability in English Law Introduction Employers’ liability and vicarious liability are two important but distinct concepts within the law of tort in England and Wales. Both concern the circumstances in which an employer or another organisation may be required to compensate a person who has suffered Read more
Occupiers’ Liability in England and Wales: The Occupiers’ Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 Introduction Occupiers’ liability is a branch of English tort law concerned with the responsibility of people who occupy or control premises for injuries suffered by those who enter or use them. It applies to a wide range Read more
Psychiatric Injury in English Tort Law: Recognised Harm, Secondary Victims and Control Mechanisms Introduction Psychiatric injury occupies a distinctive position in the law of negligence in England and Wales. The law recognises that psychological harm can be as serious and disabling as physical injury. Nevertheless, a person who experiences grief, Read more
Exclusion and Limitation Clauses in English Contract Law: Unfair Contract Terms, the UCTA 1977 and the Consumer Rights Act 2015 Introduction Exclusion and limitation clauses are common features of modern contracts. They appear in commercial supply agreements, construction contracts, professional services arrangements, online subscriptions, software licences, transport documents, hotel notices Read more
Breach of Contract in English Law: Conditions, Warranties, and Innominate Terms Introduction: When Does a Breach Justify Terminating a Contract? Contracts create legally enforceable obligations. A seller must deliver the goods promised, a buyer must pay the agreed price, a contractor must perform the work undertaken, and a service provider Read more
Misrepresentation in English Law: Fraudulent, Negligent, and Innocent Misrepresentation England and Wales · Contract Law · Article 32 Introduction: When a False Statement Undermines a Contract Contracts are often formed in circumstances of incomplete information. A purchaser relies on a seller’s description of a property; a business acquires a company Read more
Consideration and Promissory Estoppel in English Law: The Foundations of Enforceability England and Wales · Contract Law · Article 31 In English contract law, an agreement is not necessarily an enforceable contract simply because the parties have reached a meeting of minds. The law asks a further question: what makes Read more
Tribunals in England and Wales: The First-tier Tribunal and Upper Tribunal Introduction The tribunal system is an essential part of the administration of justice in England and Wales. Tribunals determine disputes involving government decisions, tax liabilities, immigration status, social security benefits, property, mental health, education, professional regulation, and numerous other Read more
The County Court: Civil Jurisdiction, Claims, and Remedies Introduction The County Court is the principal civil court of England and Wales. It provides the legal forum in which individuals, businesses, landlords, tenants, consumers, and other organisations can ask a court to determine disputes and enforce their civil rights. Unlike criminal Read more
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