The Publication, Interpretation, and Application of EU Legislation 1. Introduction The adoption of European Union legislation is only one stage in the creation of an operative legal rule. Once an EU institution has adopted a regulation, directive, decision, or another legal instrument, further questions arise. How is the act officially Read more
Delegated Acts and Implementing Acts: Regulatory Powers Under EU Law 1. Introduction The adoption of an EU legislative act does not always complete the regulatory process. Regulations, directives, and decisions frequently establish a general legal framework but leave certain technical, administrative, or operational matters to be developed later. Scientific knowledge Read more
The European Legislative Process: The Ordinary and Special Legislative Procedures 1. Introduction The European Union does not adopt legislation through a single institution or a single procedure. Its legislative system is based on cooperation between institutions, the participation of Member States, and procedures established by the Treaties. These procedures determine Read more
EU Decisions, Recommendations, Opinions, and Other Legal Instruments 1. Introduction The legal order of the European Union is composed of more than regulations and directives. The Treaties also empower EU institutions to adopt decisions, recommendations, and opinions, while the daily functioning of the Union relies on a wider range of Read more
European Union Directives: Transposition, National Implementation, and Legal Consequences Introduction Directives are one of the principal legislative instruments through which the European Union develops common legal standards while preserving a degree of diversity between national legal systems. They allow the Union to establish binding objectives that Member States must achieve, Read more
European Union Regulations: Direct Applicability, Legal Effect, and Implementation Introduction Regulations are among the most significant legal instruments in the European Union. They allow the Union to establish common rules that apply throughout the Member States without requiring each country to enact a separate national law transposing their substantive provisions. Read more
The European Ombudsman and the European Data Protection Supervisor: Good Administration, Transparency, and Institutional Accountability Introduction The European Union is not governed exclusively through legislation, political institutions, and judicial decisions. Its legal order also depends on the quality of its administration. Decisions must be taken fairly, public authorities must explain Read more
The EU’s Advisory Bodies, Agencies, and Administrative Institutions Introduction The institutional structure of the European Union extends beyond its seven principal institutions. Alongside the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, Read more
The European Court of Auditors: Financial Oversight, Public Accountability, and Protection of EU Funds The European Union exercises extensive public authority through its budget. It finances policies, infrastructure, research, agricultural programmes, regional development, humanitarian assistance, and a growing range of cross-border initiatives. These activities involve substantial public resources collected from Read more
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