india

Criminal Appeals and International Judicial Cooperation in India: Appellate Review, Extradition, and Mutual Legal Assistance Introduction A criminal justice system must do more than investigate offences, determine guilt, and impose punishment. It must also provide mechanisms through which decisions can be challenged, procedural errors corrected, unlawful convictions reversed, and sentences Read more

Sentencing and the Indian Penal System: Criminal Punishments, Imprisonment, Probation, Rehabilitation, and Prison Administration Introduction Sentencing is the stage of criminal justice at which a court determines the legal consequences of a person’s conviction. It is not simply the mechanical application of a punishment prescribed by statute. A sentencing decision Read more

Police Powers and Criminal Investigation in India: Arrest, Search, Seizure, Custodial Rights, and Procedural Safeguards Introduction Police powers are among the most consequential forms of public authority in a constitutional legal system. Arrest, search, seizure, questioning, detention, and the collection of evidence allow law-enforcement agencies to investigate offences and protect Read more

Indian Evidence Law: The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, Admissibility, Witnesses, Documentary Evidence, and Digital Evidence Introduction Evidence is the foundation upon which judicial decisions are built. In criminal and civil proceedings alike, courts must distinguish between allegations and established facts, relevant information and legally admissible material, credible testimony and unreliable Read more

Indian Criminal Procedure: The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, Investigation, Arrest, Prosecution, and Trial Introduction Criminal procedure determines how the State investigates alleged offences, exercises powers of arrest and detention, brings criminal charges, presents evidence, and obtains judicial decisions. It is the framework through which substantive criminal law is enforced, Read more