EU data protection regulation

Inevitable discovery is a narrow exception to the exclusionary rule — if the prosecution can show the evidence would have been found anyway through an independent, lawful investigative path, it may still be admitted.

Brady established that suppressing evidence favorable to the defense and material to guilt or punishment violates due process — a foundational disclosure obligation prosecutors must satisfy regardless of good or bad faith.

Some, but not all, states have stop-and-identify laws requiring a person who has been lawfully stopped based on reasonable suspicion to provide identifying information — these statutes vary significantly, and some states have none at all.

A grand jury doesn't decide guilt — its job is to review the prosecution's evidence and decide whether probable cause exists to issue an indictment, moving the case forward to trial.

This narrow exception recognizes that in a genuine, immediate public-safety emergency (like locating a hidden weapon), officers can ask limited necessary questions before Mirandizing a suspect, without automatically losing the ability to use the answers.

The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is tied to the start of formal criminal proceedings, not simply the commission of a crime or an initial arrest — this is a distinct question from the separate Miranda right to counsel during custodial interrogation.

Routine border searches are treated differently from ordinary domestic searches — the government's sovereign interest in controlling entry generally allows more latitude to search persons and property at the border without the usual warrant or probable cause requirements.

Courts have recognized that a vehicle's ready mobility (it could simply be driven away while police wait for a warrant) justifies a warrant exception when officers have probable cause to believe it contains evidence of a crime.

Probation generally lets a convicted person avoid prison altogether, serving their sentence under supervision in the community instead. Parole is different — it is supervised release granted to someone after they have already served part of an actual prison sentence.

Entrapment focuses on whether the government's own conduct created the crime — merely providing an opportunity to someone already willing to commit the offense is not entrapment, but inducing an unwilling person to do so can be.