Negligence in English Tort Law: The Duty of Care, Breach, Causation and Remoteness Introduction Negligence is one of the principal torts in the law of England and Wales. It provides a legal mechanism through which a person who suffers injury or other recognised loss because of another person’s failure to Read more
Police Interviews, Legal Advice, and the Right to Silence in England and Wales Introduction A police interview is one of the most consequential stages of a criminal investigation. Before a charge is brought, an interview may determine which investigative leads are pursued, whether an explanation is accepted or challenged, whether Read more
Police Powers of Stop and Search, Arrest, and Detention Under PACE Introduction Police powers are essential to the investigation and prevention of crime, but they also involve significant interference with individual liberty, privacy, and personal autonomy. A police officer may stop a person in the street, search their clothing or Read more
The Criminal Justice Process: From Investigation and Arrest to Trial and Appeal Introduction Criminal procedure determines how the state investigates suspected offences, decides whether to prosecute, brings defendants before the courts, presents evidence, and establishes criminal responsibility. It governs not only the practical progression of a criminal case but also Read more
Modern Criminal Offences: Online Harassment, Cybercrime, and Digital Misconduct Introduction Digital technology has transformed how people communicate, work, conduct business, maintain relationships, and participate in public life. It has also created new opportunities for criminal conduct. Threats can be sent anonymously across borders, private information can be exposed to thousands Read more
Sentencing in England and Wales: Guidelines, Custodial Sentences, and Community Orders Introduction Sentencing is the stage of criminal proceedings at which a court determines the legal consequences of a conviction. It represents one of the most significant exercises of judicial discretion in the criminal justice system because the sentence must Read more
Corporate Criminal Liability: Attribution, Failure to Prevent Offences, and Corporate Responsibility Introduction Corporations occupy a central position in modern economic and social life. They employ workers, provide essential services, manage substantial financial resources, enter into complex contractual relationships, and exercise influence over markets and public institutions. Their activities can generate Read more
Criminal Defences: Self-Defence, Duress, Necessity, and Insanity Introduction Criminal liability in England and Wales depends not only on whether a person has engaged in conduct prohibited by law, but also on the circumstances in which that conduct occurred, the defendant’s state of mind, and the legal principles governing responsibility for Read more
Fraud and Financial Crime: Fraud by False Representation, Abuse of Position, and Related Offences Introduction Fraud is among the most significant forms of financial and economic crime in England and Wales. It encompasses conduct ranging from deliberately misleading a purchaser in a private transaction to sophisticated schemes involving companies, financial Read more
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