eu-law

State Aid Under Articles 107–109 TFEU: Compatibility, Notification, and Recovery Introduction State aid control is one of the central mechanisms through which the European Union protects competition within the internal market. It addresses a particular risk that arises when governments intervene in economic activity: public authorities may give selected businesses Read more

EU Merger Control: Concentrations, Market Assessment, and Commission Review 1. Introduction: Controlling Structural Changes in the Internal Market Competition law does not only regulate how businesses behave after they have entered a market. It also examines changes in market structure that may fundamentally alter the conditions under which businesses compete. Read more

Abuse of a Dominant Position Under Article 102 TFEU: Market Power, Exclusionary Conduct, and Exploitative Practices 1. Introduction: The Legal Limits of Market Power Competition law does not require businesses to remain small, prevent successful companies from expanding, or guarantee that every competitor will survive. A business may become dominant Read more

Anti-Competitive Agreements and Cartels Under Article 101 TFEU 1. Introduction: Protecting Competition Against Private Restrictions Competition law is concerned not only with the conduct of individual undertakings but also with the ways in which businesses coordinate their commercial behaviour. A market may appear to contain several independent suppliers while, in Read more

European Union Competition Law: Objectives, Legal Foundations, and Enforcement 1. Introduction: Competition as a Foundation of the Internal Market Competition law is one of the principal legal instruments through which the European Union protects the functioning of its internal market. Its purpose is to ensure that businesses compete on the Read more

The European Stability Mechanism, Fiscal Governance, and Economic Coordination 1. Introduction: Economic Stability Within the European Union The European Union’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) combines a single monetary policy for euro-area countries with national responsibility for taxation, public expenditure, borrowing, and most economic policy decisions. This arrangement creates a Read more

EU Cohesion Policy: Regional Development, Structural Funds, and Economic Convergence 1. Introduction: Cohesion as a Constitutional and Economic Objective of the European Union The European Union is a single economic and political system composed of territories with substantially different economic structures, demographic conditions, infrastructure, institutional capacities, and levels of prosperity. Read more

EU Financial Control, Anti-Fraud Mechanisms, and Protection of the Union’s Financial Interests 1. Introduction: Protecting the Financial Integrity of the European Union The European Union’s capacity to finance common policies depends not only on the availability of financial resources but also on the legal mechanisms ensuring that those resources are Read more

The EU Budget: Revenue, Expenditure, and the Multiannual Financial Framework 1. Introduction: The Financial Foundations of the European Union The European Union is not simply a regulatory organisation. It is also a political and economic system that finances common policies, supports investment, redistributes resources between regions, responds to emergencies, and Read more