The EU Capital Markets Union and Financial Services Regulation 1. Introduction: Building a Single Market for Capital The European Union has established a sophisticated system for the movement of goods, services, persons, and capital. Yet the integration of European financial markets remains incomplete. Although investors can legally transfer capital across Read more
The EU Banking Union: Supervision, Resolution, and Depositor Protection 1. Introduction The European Banking Union is one of the most significant institutional developments in the European Union’s financial architecture. Established in response to the global financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in the euro area, it Read more
The European Central Bank and the European System of Central Banks 1. Introduction The European Central Bank (ECB) occupies a distinctive position within the constitutional and institutional structure of the European Union. It is an EU institution with legal personality, an independent decision-making structure, and a central role in the Read more
The Euro: Legal Status, Adoption, and the European Monetary Framework 1. Introduction The euro is more than a common means of payment. It is a legal institution created by the Treaties of the European Union and governed by a framework that combines supranational monetary authority, national economic responsibilities, common rules Read more
Economic and Monetary Union: Legal Foundations and the Structure of European Economic Integration 1. Introduction Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is one of the most significant constitutional and economic achievements of the European Union. It represents an advanced form of integration in which Member States coordinate their economic policies, participate Read more
Professional Qualifications and Recognition Across the European Union 1. Introduction The freedom to work and establish a professional activity in another Member State is an important element of European integration. However, the formal right to move does not necessarily guarantee the practical ability to practise a profession. National systems differ Read more
Mutual Recognition and Harmonisation of National Laws Within the Internal Market 1. Introduction The European Union’s internal market is founded on the principle that economic activity should be able to cross national borders without encountering unjustified legal or administrative obstacles. Its establishment, however, presents a fundamental constitutional and regulatory challenge: Read more
Free Movement of Capital and Payments: Investment, Financial Transactions, and Restrictions 1. Introduction The free movement of capital is one of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union’s internal market. It enables individuals, businesses, and investors to transfer financial resources across national borders, acquire assets in other Member States, Read more
Free Movement of Services: Cross-Border Service Provision and Regulatory Restrictions 1. Introduction The free movement of services is one of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union’s internal market. It enables individuals and businesses established in one Member State to provide economic services to customers in another Member State Read more
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